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The modern Parliaments make their own texts and have the right to pass legislation. Second, in Shura only the scholars and experts are asked to give their opinions over a given issue while in Parliaments anyone who is elected has the right to participate in passing laws.

Thereafter, in Muslim states, the term shūrā variously designated a council of state, or advisers to the sovereign (as in Saudi Arabia), a parliament (as in Pakistan), and a court of law with jurisdiction over claims made by citizens and public officials against the government (as in Afghanistan).

This is because the shura (consultation) in Islam is for seeking the opinion and not for ruling. This is contrary to the parliamentary system in democracy. The democratic parliamentary system being distinct from and inferior to the true Islamic caliphate system ing to Taqiuddin an-Nabhani.

Today, a number of Muslim-majority countries are Islamic yet secular democracies.

Within the Muslim world, conservative6 Muslim thinkers argued that Islam and democracy were incompatible, because of first, the Islamic concept of the absolute sovereignty of God – they believed that ideas of the sovereignty of the people in a democracy contradicted this fundamental principle; second, in Islam the law ...