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The Act created the Office of Attorney General, whose primary responsibility was to represent the United States before the Supreme Court. The Act also created a United States Attorney and a United States Marshal for each judicial district.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus (legal orders compelling government officials to act in ance with the law).

Judicial Compensation YearDistrict JudgesCircuit Judges2023$232,600$246,6002022$223,400$236,9002021$218,600$231,8002020$216,400$229,50052 more rows

In the Judiciary Act of 1789, the First Congress (1789-1791) established district and circuit courts, defined the federal courts' jurisdiction and appellate powers, and created the position of U.S. attorney general. Although amended many times, the act remains the foundation of the U.S. judicial system.

What became known as the Judiciary Act of 1789 established the multi-tiered federal court system we know today. In addition, it set the number of Supreme Court Justices at six and created the office of the Attorney General to argue on behalf of the United States in cases before the Supreme Court.

Article III of the Constitution provides that “judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts” as Congress sees fit to establish. Article III establishes neither how many justices should sit on the Supreme Court, nor the structure of federal courts.

at 351 ( [T]he appellate power of the United States does extend to cases pending in the state courts; and . . . the 25th section of the judiciary act, which authorizes the exercise of this jurisdiction in the specified cases, by a writ of error, is supported by the letter and spirit of the constitution. ).

The Judiciary Act of 1789, officially titled "An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States," was signed into law by President George Washington on September 24, 1789. Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court, but left to Congress the authority to create lower federal courts as needed.