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15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.

Purpose. The purpose of section 20(1) of the Charter is to provide the public in Canada with the right to use English or French in communications with the head or central office of federal institutions or to receive services from them.

Analysis. Section 33 allows Parliament or the legislature of a province to derogate from certain sections of the Charter, namely section 2 (fundamental freedoms), sections 7 to 14 (legal rights) and section 15 (equality rights).

Citing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms Since the Charter of Rights is not an independent enactment, it is cited as Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 7, Part 1 of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.

Section 25 protects three categories of rights and freedoms against Charter claims: (1) aboriginal rights, (2) treaty rights, and (3) other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada.

Oakes test There must be a pressing and substantial objective. The means must be proportional. The means must be rationally connected to the objective. There must be minimal impairment of rights. There must be proportionality between the infringement and objective.