In many jurisdictions, this rule is known as the "impact rule" and it requires some physical injury before negligence liability may attach. (c) The defendant causes the death, injury or imperilment of a person other than the plaintiff, and the plaintiff can establish sufficient proximity.There are three types of tort actions; negligence, intentional torts, and strict liability. The elements of each are slightly different. For some time now, your excellent Law School has been asking me to speak to you about liability in the tort of negligence for the careless. Insanity: Insanity is not a defense. Insane people are liable for tort of battery, and other intentional and negligent torts. Magruder, Mental and Emotional Disturbance in the Law of Torts, 49 Harv. See MARC A. FRANKLIN ET. AL., TORT LAW AND ALTERNATIVES 903–04 (9th ed. Rather, foreseeability of harm defines the scope of tort liability.