The privileges and immunities clause ensures that all citizens enjoy the same rights in each state. The 14th Amendment provides, in part, that no state can "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.This means state governments must treat all American citizens the same, whether they are visitors to the state or residents. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX (1791). Under the 14th Amendment, African Americans could now legally claim the same constitutional rights afforded to all American citizens. The Equal Protection Clause is part of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause requires the United States government to practice equal protection. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.