A cognitive model for expo- sition of human deception and counterdeception. This thesis is about machine deception.It is the first full computational treatment in Artificial Intelligence (AI) on how to create machines able to deceive. The purpose of this document is to assist researchers in addressing issues related to using deception in research with human subjects. Using Deception in Research. Studies may use deception if it is necessary to answer the research question. This chapter considers the various issues and implications involved in using deception in research, including arguments for and against deception. Yet, its use has provoked concerns that it raises participants' suspicions. Deception can be used if it is necessary for a study's objectives and if the risks to participants are minimized as much as possible. The use of deception and incomplete disclosure are valuable research techniques used to answer scientific inquiries in human subjects research.