As discussed above, two files for cases in the case file sample did not contain complete arbitration clauses. Much of the empirical work on arbitration that has been carried out has not had a consumer financial focus.The present study is empirical, not evaluative. Written contracts may contain an arbitration clause. By using such a clause, the parties agree to arbitrate any future disputes. The arbitration system in Allegheny County provides for simple and concise pleadings and a trial of the issues enabling the parties to resolve claims. Nearly ten percent of the cases in the sample concerned credit card disputes. We examined 288,846 civil cases that were filed in a sample of 52 districts. Set out below are examples of arbitrations conducted under the WIPO Rules.