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Like prior law, Rule 9(a) places on the party disputing capacity, authority or legal existence the initial burden of controverting it. Massachusetts cases hold that, unless the lack of capacity appears on the face of the pleadings, the question of alleging lack of capacity to sue or be sued is a matter or abatement.
The quality or state of being particular. detailed, minute, or circumstantial character, as of description or statement. attention to details; special care. fastidiousness. an individual or characteristic feature or trait; peculiarity.
Finally, a plaintiff alleging defamation per quod must plead special damages. Special damages must be “fully and accurately identified 'with sufficient particularity to identify actual losses.
This requirement serves two purposes. First, it gives the defendant notice of the definite charges to be met. Second, the allegations "should be sufficiently specific that the court can weed out nonmeritorious actions on the basis of the pleadings.
Rule 7 reflects the belief that extensive and complex pleadings are not desirable as a vehicle for the narrowing of issues in a case and that this function can be better performed by discovery and the use of the pretrial conference.
Rule 56 - Summary Judgment (a)Motions for Summary Judgment. A party may move for summary judgment subsequent to the commencement of any proceeding under these rules except in actions for divorce or in actions for custody or visitation or for criminal contempt.
There are several types of pleadings in civil litigation. These include complaints, which serve as the basis of the legal action, and answers, which are the responses to the complaints. There may also be counterclaims, crossclaims, and third-party claims, which are also types of pleadings.
In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged without setting forth the facts or circumstances from which the condition may be inferred.
This rule establishes a limited right to discovery in summary process actions. In keeping with the need for expeditious procedure, an automatic postponement of the trial date for two weeks from the originally scheduled date results from the timely service and filing of a discovery demand.
(1) An application to the court for an order shall be by motion which, unless made during a hearing or trial, shall be made in writing, shall state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought.
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