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One is a peremptory challenge, for which no reason has to be given, but it can't be based on race, religion or ethnicity, and there are a limited amount these (usually nine). The other is a removal for cause challenge, on grounds that the person can't be impartial based on bias or conflict. These are unlimited.
Voir Dire is the process in which both sides of a case can question potential jurors to try to weed out any biases. If a juror is determined to be biased in any way by either side, then a challenge is issued. If the judge is satisfied with the evidence of the challenge, the juror is excused from the panel.
Jurors are expected to answer questions truthfully; if any indication of bias is found, they will be removed from the jury.
When selecting a jury, both parties may remove potential jurors using an unlimited number of challenges for cause (e.g., stated reasons such as bias) and a limited number of peremptory challenges (i.e., do not need to state a reason).
The judge will advise the jury that it is the sole judge of the facts and of the credibility (believability) of witnesses. He or she will note that the jurors are to base their conclusions on the evidence as presented in the trial, and that the opening and closing arguments of the lawyers are not evidence.
Prosecutors and defense attorneys can use an unlimited number of "cause" challenges to eliminate jurors who aren't qualified, able, or fit to serve in the case. In using a cause challenge, the lawyer trying to remove a juror must give a reason to believe the juror won't be able to reach a fair verdict.
In a jury trial, the best way to alleviate bias is during jury selection. During the process of jury selection, each defence lawyer is allowed to challenge (have removed) up to three jurors if they believe that they will be biased. The prosecution can also challenge up to three jurors for every defendant.
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof that leaves you firmly convinced the defendant is guilty. It is not required that the government prove guilt beyond all possible doubt. A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense and is not based purely on speculation.