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(1) A witness's credibility may be impeached by evidence that the witness has made a statement, whether written or not, inconsistent with the witness's present testimony.
Impeachment by prior inconsistent statement is used when a witness remembers a fact, but previously made a different statement about that fact.
Impeachment by contradiction involves the process of demonstrating that a witness's testimony is unreliable by pointing out inconsistencies between their current testimony and prior statements, actions, or other evidence.
Because prior inconsistent statements are generally hearsay, they often are admissible only for purposes of impeachment. The Federal Rules do categorize a testifying witness's prior inconsistent statement as nonhearsay if it was made under penalty of perjury at a prior trial, hearing, or proceeding, or in a deposition.
A statement of a witness made prior to his or her testimony and consistent with that testimony is admissible when offered to rebut an express or implied claim of recent fabrication and when the statement was made prior to the circumstances supporting that claim.
Under common law, a witness may be impeached by proof the witness has contradicted him- or herself through evidence of prior acts or statements that are inconsistent with testimony given on direct examination.
In federal court, Federal Rules of Evidence 607 provides that any party may attack the credibility of a witness by introducing evidence that reflects on the witness's character for truthfulness, prior inconsistent statements, bias, interest, or other reasons.
(5) The credibility of a witness may be impeached by showing that the witness omitted to state a relevant fact or to state it more fully prior to testifying, at a time when the witness's attention was called to the matter and the witness was specifically asked about the facts embraced in the question asked at a hearing ...