The New Mexico Carbon Dioxide Storage Unit Agreement is a legal arrangement that governs the establishment and operation of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage units in the state of New Mexico. This agreement aims to regulate the safe and efficient storage of CO2 in underground reservoirs to mitigate climate change impacts and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide storage unit agreements in New Mexico can be categorized into two main types: 1. Voluntary Agreements: These agreements are entered into voluntarily by the owners or operators of CO2 storage facilities, such as power plants, industrial facilities, or petroleum refineries. In these cases, the agreement outlines the responsibilities, rights, and obligations of the storage unit operator and the regulatory authorities, detailing the procedures for CO2 injection, monitoring, reporting, and closure. 2. Regulatory Agreements: These are agreements mandated by regulatory authorities, such as the New Mexico Environment Department or the Oil Conservation Division. Regulatory agreements are typically required for larger-scale CO2 storage projects, often associated with carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. The agreement outlines the conditions for obtaining permits, conducting environmental impact assessments, reporting requirements, and monitoring and verification protocols. The New Mexico Carbon Dioxide Storage Unit Agreement addresses various key aspects such as: 1. Permitting and Licensing: The agreement specifies the criteria and procedures for obtaining permits initiating CO2 storage operations. It also defines the responsibilities and prerequisites for license renewal and modifications. 2. Operational Requirements: The agreement establishes technical and operational standards for the design, construction, operation, and closure of CO2 storage units. This includes guidelines for site selection, storage capacity assessment, well drilling, casing, and abandonment procedures. 3. Injection and Monitoring: The agreement outlines protocols and criteria for CO2 injection into designated storage formations, including injection rates, pressures, and compatibility criteria. It also details monitoring and reporting obligations, ensuring continuous measurement and assessment of CO2 storage performance and potential risks. 4. Environmental Considerations: The agreement addresses environmental concerns by establishing regulations for baseline assessments, groundwater monitoring, and surface casing requirements to prevent CO2 leakage and protect natural resources. 5. Liability and Financial Assurance: The agreement defines liability and financial responsibilities associated with CO2 storage operations, including provisions for potential damages, insurance, and financial assurance mechanisms required by regulatory authorities. 6. Closure and Post-closure Procedures: The agreement outlines requirements and procedures for sealing and closing injection wells once CO2 injection ceases. It also defines the responsibilities of the storage unit operator for long-term site monitoring, verification, and the potential need for corrective actions. The New Mexico Carbon Dioxide Storage Unit Agreement plays a vital role in promoting CO2 storage projects in the state, enabling the development of innovative carbon management technologies and supporting measures to tackle climate change.
New Mexico Carbon Dioxide Storage Unit Agreement
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The analysis suggests coal-sourced CO2 emissions can be stored in this region at a cost of $52?$60 ton?1, whereas the cost to store emission from natural-gas-fired plants ranges from approximately $80 to $90. Storing emissions offshore increases the lowest total costs of CCS to over $60 per ton of CO2 for coal.
Heat and pressure compress the mud and carbon over millions of years, forming sedimentary rock such as shale. In special cases, when dead plant matter builds up faster than it can decay, layers of organic carbon become oil, coal, or natural gas instead of sedimentary rock like shale.
Carbon sequestration is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, by capturing and storing it, contributing to climate change reduction. Soils can help to sequester carbon, capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and storing it as buried organic carbon.
Carbon can remain stored in soils for millennia, or be quickly released back into the atmosphere. Climatic conditions, natural vegetation, soil texture, and drainage all affect the amount and length of time carbon is stored.
Pore space ownership in the United States varies from state to state and can be owned by the State, by the U.S. government or private individuals. In other countries, subsurface rights are controlled entirely by the government.
Carbon stored underground could find multiple ways to escape and seep back into the atmosphere due to chemical reactions that take place between the carbon dioxide, rocks, water in the pores and even the cement from abandoned wells, ing to researchers from Penn State University.
Hovorka says there will be leaks, but most will be readily apparent. ?These are not widespread calamities.? Carbon dioxide coming out of the surface ?whistles really loud,? and comes out cold. Those leaks will be handled ?like plumbing problems,? she said.
The IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report reiterates that global modelled mitigation pathways reaching net zero CO2 and GHG emissions include transitioning from fossil fuels without CCS to very low- or zero-carbon energy sources, such as renewables or fossil fuels with CCS, demand- side measures and improving efficiency, reducing ...
(a) The ownership of all pore space in all strata below the surface lands and waters of this state is declared to be vested in the several owners of the surface above the strata.
Under American rule, the mineral estate holder owns the minerals but not the geologic formation. The surface owner owns the geologic pore space and has storage rights.