New York Jury Instruction — 1.9.4.2 Joint Employers provides guidance to juries when determining whether two or more entities should be considered joint employers in an employment lawsuit. In such cases, it is crucial for the jury to understand the legal principles surrounding joint employment relationships and apply them correctly. Joint employment is a concept that arises when two or more entities share the right to control or direct the work of an employee. This instruction assists the jury in evaluating the extent of control exercised by each entity over the employee's work and determining if they should be held jointly responsible for any employment-related issues. Keywords: New York Jury Instruction, 1.9.4.2 Joint Employers, employment lawsuit, joint employment relationships, control, directorial influence, shared responsibility. Different types of New York Jury Instruction — 1.9.4.2 Joint Employers may include: 1. Standard Joint Employment: This type refers to situations where two or more entities exercise significant control over the same employee, leading to a joint employment relationship. The jury must consider factors like control over hiring, firing, supervision, and determining work conditions. 2. Horizontal Joint Employment: This form of joint employment involves two or more employers who have an equal level of control over an employee's work. The jury must assess whether both entities share or co-determine essential employment terms and conditions. 3. Vertical Joint Employment: This type emerges when an employee has a primary employer, such as a staffing agency, but is also economically reliant on another entity. The jury should evaluate the extent of control, particularly over wages and work hours, exercised by each employer and whether they are jointly responsible for any employment violations. 4. Consecutive Joint Employment: This occurs when an employee sequentially works for multiple employers, one after the other, with each employer having control over different aspects of their employment. The jury should determine whether these employers are jointly accountable for any employment issues during the period they had control over the employee. 5. Power-based Joint Employment: This type deals with situations where one employer exerts control over another employer, which then affects the terms and conditions of the employee's work. The jury must examine the degree of control and dominance exercised by one employer over the other. These are some examples of New York Jury Instructions — 1.9.4.2 Joint Employers variations. Juries should carefully consider these instructions and the specific circumstances of the case to arrive at a fair and accurate determination of whether joint employer relationships exist.