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Storage in deep geological formations is also known as 'geo-sequestration'. In this technique, CO2 is converted into a high pressure, liquid-like form known as 'supercritical CO2'. Supercritical CO2 behaves like a runny liquid, a bit like WD40, and is injected directly into sedimentary rocks.
Additionally, both CO2 and wastewater injection involve pumping high volumes into the earth, creating similar problems and risks; for instance, earthquakes. Already, we've seen earthquakes at CO2 injection sites almost strong enough to damage buildings.
The elements bind to create solid, chalky minerals, essentially locking the CO2 into the rock in a process called 'mineral storage'. In the case of saline aquifers, as well as structural and mineral storage, the CO2 can dissolve into the salty water in a process called 'dissolution storage'.
Structural Storage When the CO2 is pumped deep underground, it is initially more buoyant than water and will rise up through the porous rocks until it reaches the top of the formation where it can become trapped by an impermeable layer of cap-rock, such as shale.
The CO2 injections can push saltier water upwards towards the drinking water. Or the CO2 itself can mix into the drinking water, acidifying it and leaching toxins from the rock. How do we detect and prevent these issues deep underground, especially when we are developing 100+ new sites every year?
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that the United States has the geologic formations to store approximately 3,000 metric gigatons of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be stored underground as a supercritical fluid. Supercritical CO2 means that the CO2 is at a temperature in excess of 31.1°C (88ºF) and a pressure in excess of 72.9 atm (about 1,057 psi); this temperature and pressure defines the critical point for CO2.
In the case of saline aquifers, as well as structural and mineral storage, the CO2 can dissolve into the salty water in a process called 'dissolution storage'. Here, the dissolved CO2 slowly descends to the bottom of the aquifer. In any given reservoir, each (or all) of these processes work to store CO2 indefinitely.