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Code § 401. Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) The fact is of consequence in determining the action.
Code § 701 - Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses. (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.
R.E. 702(a) and (b) impose the requirement that the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge is admissible only if it is beyond that possessed by the average layperson. This is consistent with prior Pennsylvania law.
Evid. 702, reflects Massachusetts common law. The proponent of expert testimony must establish the foundational requirements for admissibility, and the judge, as the ?gatekeeper? of the evidence, must make a threshold determination that those requirements have been met before the testimony goes to the jury.
An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue. (b) Exception. In a criminal case, an expert witness must not state an opinion about whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a defense.
A lawyer may call any (relevant) person as a witness, including someone on the opposite side. That includes the plaintiff's lawyer/prosecutor calling the defendant. This is seldom done because by doing so, you have made this witness "your" witness, thereby meaningfully reducing your options.
Simply put, a defendant can be a witness in their own criminal case. If you have been charged with a crime, you have the right to testify on your own behalf, and to raise your own defense. However, most criminal defendants don't testify in their criminal trials.
Testifying. When you are called to testify, you move to the front of the courtroom near the judge and the clerk has you swear to tell the truth. You must tell the truth when testifying. Lying in court is a crime called perjury, and you can be sentenced with a jail term of up to 14 years.