Rhode Island Ratification of Agreement
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Rhode Island ratified the Constitution after facing significant pressure from other states and the economic challenges that accompanied its isolation. The prospect of joining a united economic framework and the assurance of individual rights through the Bill of Rights ultimately swayed the state. Thus, the Rhode Island Ratification of Agreement became a crucial step in unifying the nation.
At great length, Rhode Island finally approved the Constitution with provisional amendments. On August 31, 1790, the state's lone Representative, Benjamin Bourne, arrived in Philadelphia fashionably late to the First Congress.
On the day ratification was completedJanuary 16, 1919the amendment was approved by the legislatures of three states: Nebraska, Missouri, and Wyoming. In most of the legislatures, as shown in the table on the following page, approval was given the amendment by overwhelming majorities.
Voters rejected the restriction by a three to one margin, thus making Rhode Island the first state to grant suffrage to African-Americans. The new constitution was ratified by an overwhelming vote of 7,024 to 51. The turnout was meager, as the opposition boycotted the election.
Rhode Island was so opposed to overturning the Articles of Confederation, or any move that may threaten state sovereignty, that it simply refused to take part. However, Rhode Island hadat least somewhatovervalued its importance to the process.
Opponents of state-issued paper currency called for a new Constitution that would ban it. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, no state was more reviled than Rhode Islandthe only no-show. Between September of 1787 and January of 1790, Rhode Island's legislature rejected 11 attempts to ratify the Constitution.
There were several reasons for Rhode Island's resistance including its concern that the Constitution gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states. The Constitution would also have made the state's practice of printing paper money illegal.
Ratification of constitutional amendments Rhode Island earlier rejected the 16th amendment establishing a federal income tax, which came into force in 1913 despite its opposition. Rhode Island did not ratify the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol.
Rhode Island was the only state not to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Then, when asked to convene a state convention to ratify the Constitution, Rhode Island instead sent the ratification question to individual towns asking them to vote.
Rhode Island's opposition was chiefly due to the paper money issued in Rhode Island pounds since 1786 by the governing Country Party, intended to pay off the state's burdensome Revolutionary War debt. Other issues included fear of direct federal taxes and aversion to the lengthy terms for members of Congress.
