9.3 Alien-Harboring is a legal concept that refers to an individual or organization providing shelter or harboring a non-citizen who is in the United States without authorization from the U.S. government. This type of harboring is typically done in an effort to protect the non-citizen and/or to prevent their removal from the United States. There are two primary types of alien-harboring: knowing harboring and reckless harboring. Knowing harboring occurs when an individual or organization is aware that the non-citizen is in the United States without authorization and still provides shelter or assistance to the non-citizen. Reckless harboring occurs when an individual or organization provides shelter or assistance to a non-citizen without taking reasonable steps to determine whether the non-citizen is in the United States legally. Both knowing and reckless harboring of a non-citizen in the United States without authorization is a federal crime and can result in criminal penalties.