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The Constitution prohibits individual states from printing and issuing paper money as legal tender, but they are allowed to use coins as currency, said Gatch. Individual communities, however, are able to create their own currencies -- including paper notes.

When a country introduces a new currency, normally only one institution--generally the central bank--is given authority to issue of the currency. This, in effect, gives the central bank the power to set either the quantity or the price of the currency.

The central bank, or other competent, state authorities (such as the treasury), are typically empowered to create new, physical currency, i.e. paper notes and coins, in order to meet the needs of commercial banks for cash withdrawals, and to replace worn and/or destroyed currency.

There are two ways to express an exchange rate between two currencies (e.g., between the U.S. dollar [$] and the British pound [£]). One can either write $/£ or £/$. These are reciprocals of each other. Thus if E is the $/£ exchange rate and V is the £/$ exchange rate, then E = 1/V.

The formula is: Starting Amount (Original Currency) / Ending Amount (New Currency) = Exchange Rate. For example, if you exchange 100 U.S. Dollars for 80 Euros, the exchange rate would be 1.25. But if you exchange 80 Euros for 100 U.S. Dollars, the exchange rate would be 0.8. Calculate the foreign currency amount.

Since 1864, the private coining of money has been illegal, and since colonial days, we have had legal-tender laws designed to force the acceptance of coins and bills minted by the government.

Under 18 U.S. § 486, it's a criminal offense to make or pass any metal coins "intended for use as current money, whether in the resemblance of coins of the United States or of foreign countries, or of original design." An offense is punishable with up to 5 years in prison, a fine, or both.