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Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism's transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts. The information content of an organism is recorded in the DNA of its genome and expressed through transcription.

Transcriptomics is the analysis of the RNA transcripts produced by the genotype at a given time that provides a link between the genome, the proteome, and the cellular phenotype. It is a global approach, which together with genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has evolved in recent years.

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins). RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule. Transcription ends in a process called termination.

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Thus an important part of basic and applied genomics is to identify and localize these genes in a process known as transcript mapping. When genes are expressed, their sequences are first converted into messenger RNA transcripts, which can be isolated in the form of complementary DNAs (cDNAs).

Genomics studies the genome (all of an organism's DNA) as a whole. Transcriptomics analyses how that DNA is expressed as proteins and other molecules. Epigenomics investigates how the genome is modified such that the DNA sequence does not change, but the organism's observable traits do.

Transcriptomics is the study of the 'transcriptome,' a term now widely understood to mean the complete set of all the ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules (called transcripts) expressed in some given entity, such as a cell, tissue, or organism (Lowe et al., 2017). From: Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, 2023.

Initiation is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can ''read'' the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.

However, the ?bases? of RNA differ from those of DNA in that thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA. DNA and RNA bases are also held together by chemical bonds and have specific base pairing rules. In DNA/RNA base pairing, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).

A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.