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Use of ibid. "Ibid." (the abbreviation for "ibidem", meaning "in the same place") refers to the work cited in the preceding footnote or to the preceding work within the same footnote. The term should not be used when the preceding footnote includes more than one source.

The abbreviation ibid (meaning 'in the same place') can be used to repeat a citation in the immediately preceding footnote. Never italicize or capitalise ibid. In the above example, ibid is followed by a page number (6), which means 'in the same work, but this time on page 6'.

Footnote Basic format: x. Author's first name Last name, Title in Italics and in Headline Style (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

Footnote or endnote numbers in the text should follow punctuation, and preferably be placed at the end of a sentence. When citing the source for a quotation, the number should be placed at the end of the quotation and not after the author's name if that appears first in the text.

When you cite a source for the second time in a footnote or endnote. If the footnote or endnote contains multiple sources, you need to reintroduce a source when it's listed a second time following a different source. For a subsequent, consecutive citation after this reintroduction, you may use ibid. again.

In the footnote, start with the author and publication details of original work. Add the text "quoted in" and then add the author and publication details of the secondary work, the source you consulted. Make sure you use the correct format for a book or for an article (15.56).

Notes consist of one numbered list, do not restart numbering on each page or try to "reuse" a footnote number when citing a source more than once throughout the paper. Footnotes/endnotes are double spaced, and the first line only is indented from the left margin.