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There are some tools through which the RBI can control the money supply: REPO RATE AND REVERSE REPO RATE: Repo is a transaction in which the RBI sells securities and then buys them back at a set price. This set price is calculated in relation to the repo rate, which is an interest rate.

Today, the Fed uses its tools to control the supply of money to help stabilize the economy. When the economy is slumping, the Fed increases the supply of money to spur growth. Conversely, when inflation is threatening, the Fed reduces the risk by shrinking the supply.

By lowering reserve requirements, banks are able to loan more money, which increases the overall supply of money in the economy. Conversely, by raising the banks' reserve requirements, banks must keep more money in reserve. In this way, the Fed is able to reduce the size of the money supply.

The Fed controls the supply of money by increas- ing or decreasing the monetary base. The monetary base is related to the size of the Fed's balance sheet; specifically, it is currency in circulation plus the deposit balances that depository institutions hold with the Federal Reserve.

Article I, Section 8, Clause 5: [The Congress shall have Power . . . ] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; . . . National Bank v.

A country may control its currency, for example, by allowing it to fluctuate between a set of upper and lower bounds. When the price of the money moves outside of these limits, the country's central bank may purchase or sell its own or other currencies.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve responsibility for setting monetary policy. The Federal Reserve controls the three tools of monetary policy--open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements.