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How much demand there is in relation to the supply of a currency will determine that currency's value in relation to another currency. For example, if the demand for U.S. dollars by Europeans increases, the supply-demand relationship will cause an increase in the price of the U.S. dollar in relation to the euro.

The optimum currency area (OCA) theory believes that countries within a certain geographic region would be better served using the same currency rather than their own individual currencies. This has been implemented, for example in Europe with the euro.

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Currency substitution is when a country uses a foreign currency instead of or in addition to its own. Currency substitution is also known as dollarization when the U.S. dollar (USD) is the currency that is being used as a substitute.

Common foreign exchange controls include: banning the use of foreign currency within the country; banning locals from possessing foreign currency; restricting currency exchange to government-approved exchangers; fixed exchange rates. restricting the amount of currency that may be imported or exported;

Common foreign exchange controls include: banning the use of foreign currency within the country; banning locals from possessing foreign currency; restricting currency exchange to government-approved exchangers; fixed exchange rates. restricting the amount of currency that may be imported or exported;

When a country introduces a new currency, normally only one institution--generally the central bank--is given authority to issue of the currency. This, in effect, gives the central bank the power to set either the quantity or the price of the currency.