Contra Costa California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights is a legal provision that serves to protect the interests and rights of minority shareholders, allowing them to voice their dissent and seek fair compensation when significant corporate events occur. This provision's primary objective is to ensure that minority shareholders are treated fairly when major decisions, such as mergers, consolidations, or stock conversions, are made by a corporation. Under Contra Costa California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights, dissenting shareholders have the option to dissent from a proposed corporate action and demand to be bought out by the corporation at a fair and just price. This provision prevents majority shareholders from forcing corporate actions without considering the minority's dissenting opinions. There are several types of corporate actions covered by Contra Costa California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights. These include: 1. Mergers and Consolidations: In the event of a proposed merger or consolidation, minority shareholders who disagree with the decision have the right to dissent and demand to be bought out. 2. Exchange of Stock: If a corporation proposes to exchange its stock for stock of another corporation, dissenting shareholders have the right to dissent and receive fair compensation for their shares. 3. Sale or Lease of Assets: When a corporation intends to sell or lease all or substantially all of its assets, dissenting shareholders can exercise their right to demand fair value for their shares. 4. Amendment of Articles of Incorporation: In case a corporation seeks to amend its articles of incorporation, dissenting shareholders have the right to dissent and seek fair remuneration for their shares. To exercise their rights under Contra Costa California Article 13, dissenting shareholders need to follow specific procedures, including providing written notice to the corporation and holding their shares throughout the entire process. In conclusion, Contra Costa California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights safeguards minority shareholders' interests by granting them substantial rights and compensation options when significant corporate events take place. This provision ensures that minority shareholders have a fair say in corporate decisions, preventing their exclusion or marginalization and promoting a more equitable corporate environment.