Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is a historically-rich city located in the northeastern part of the United States. It is the largest city in the state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populated city in the country. Known as the birthplace of American democracy, Philadelphia played a pivotal role in the American Revolution and served as the nation's capital during several significant periods. Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights is a legal provision in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that specifically addresses the rights and protections afforded to dissenting shareholders or minority stakeholders within a corporation. This article aims to safeguard the interests of shareholders who dissent or object to certain corporate actions, ensuring fair treatment and preventing any potential abuses of power by the majority shareholders. Under Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights, shareholders have the ability to exercise their dissenting rights in situations such as mergers, consolidations, or sales of all or substantially all assets. This means that dissenting shareholders can contest the proposed actions and demand fair compensation for their shares. The article establishes a framework to assess the value of dissenting shareholders' shares, taking into account various factors such as market value, earnings, assets, liabilities, and potential future cash flows. There are two types of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights that are commonly recognized: 1. Dissenters' Appraisal Rights: This type of dissenters' right allows shareholders to object to a particular corporate action and demand the fair value of their shares. It provides an avenue for dissenting shareholders to protect their investment by ensuring that they receive reasonable compensation for their shares in cases where they believe the proposed action undervalues their stake in the company. 2. Dissenters' Inspection Rights: This type of dissenters' right enables shareholders to access relevant company documents and records to evaluate the proposed action and make informed decisions. This right allows dissenting shareholders to gather information necessary for assessing the fairness of the proposed corporate action and affirming their dissenting position. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, through Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights, exemplifies a commitment to ensuring the protection of minority shareholders and upholding fairness in corporate governance. By recognizing the importance of dissenting views and providing legal mechanisms for dissenters, Philadelphia aims to promote transparency, accountability, and equitable treatment within its corporate landscape.