San Diego California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights is a crucial legal provision present in the state of California that offers essential protection to shareholders who express dissenting opinions or dissenting votes regarding certain corporate actions. This provision allows dissenting shareholders to exercise specific rights to safeguard their interests within a company or corporation. Keywords: San Diego California, Article 13, dissenters' rights, shareholders, corporate actions, protection, interests, provision. Under the San Diego California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights, several types of dissenting rights can be distinguished, including: 1. Dissent to a Merger or Consolidation: This type of dissenters' right allows shareholders to express their disagreement with a proposed merger or consolidation between their company and another entity. Shareholders can dissent and demand fair compensation for their shares instead of becoming part of the merged or consolidated entity. 2. Dissent to Exchange Offers: Shareholders may object to an exchange offer where their existing securities are being exchanged for different securities, such as in the case of a stock-for-stock swap or a tender offer. Dissenting shareholders can express their disagreement and opt-out of such exchanges, demanding the fair value of their shares. 3. Dissent to Certain Charter Amendments: If a corporation proposes amendments to its charter or articles of incorporation, shareholders who disagree with the proposed changes can exercise their dissenters' rights. They can dissent and demand the fair value of their shares before implementing such amendments. 4. Dissent to Sale or Lease of Assets: In situations where a company intends to sell or lease a significant portion of its assets, dissenting shareholders have the right to object and demand fair compensation for their shares instead of approving the transaction. 5. Dissent to Certain Reorganizations: In instances where a corporation is planning for reorganization, such as a conversion to a different business form or structure, dissenting shareholders can express disagreement and demand fair value for their shares before the reorganization takes place. Overall, San Diego California Article 13 — Dissenters' Rights provides a legal framework that empowers shareholders to voice their dissenting opinions and protect their interests in various corporate actions. These rights aim to ensure fair treatment and compensation to shareholders who choose not to participate in certain transactions or changes affecting their ownership stakes.